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The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a fertile female and man, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of this colony is responsible for egg production for its colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her for life.62 In some species, the abdomen of this queen swells up dramatically to increase fecundity, a feature known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen starts producing reproductive winged alates at a certain period of the year, and huge swarms emerge from the colony when nuptial flight begins.
A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into employees, but others may further moult to become soldiers or alates.
Termites are often compared with all the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in major differences in life span. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the workers are entirely female. Men (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both employees and the queen) are diploid and grow from fertilised eggs.
Depending on species, male and female workers may have different roles in a termite colony.63.
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The entire life span of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult stages.64 Nymphs resemble little adults, and undergo a series of moults as they grow.
The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time period depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of the colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, employees must feed them, but workers also get involved in the social life of the colony and also have certain different activities to accomplish like foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones regulate the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of the termites from becoming fertile queens.68.
Queens of the eusocial termite Reticulitermes speratus are capable of a long lifespan without sacrificing fecundity. These long-lived queens have a significantly lower degree of oxidative damage, including oxidative DNA damage, than workers, soldiers and nymphs.69 The decreased levels of damage seem to be due to increased catalase, an enzyme that protects against oxidative stress.69.
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By way of example, alates in certain species emerge during the daytime in summer while others emerge during the winter.71 The nuptial flight may also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around regions with lots of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, humidity, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also fluctuates, with the bigger species normally having 1001,000 individuals.
The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early phases of the colony, but lays as many as 1,000 per day when the colony is several years old.53 At maturity, a main queen has a fantastic capacity to lay eggs. In some species, the mature queen has a greatly distended abdomen and may produce 40,000 eggs per day.72 The two adult ovaries may have some 2,000 ovarioles each.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to a number of times greater than before mating and reduces her ability to move freely; attendant employees offer assistance. .
The king grows only slightly larger after initial mating and continues to mate with the queen for life (a termite queen can live between 30Â to 50Â years); this is quite different from ant colonies, in which a queen teammates once with the man (s) and stores the gametes for life, as the male ants die shortly after mating.6267 When your queen is absent, a termite king generates pheromones which encourage the development of replacement termite queens.74 Since the queen and king are monogamous, sperm competition does not occur.75.
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Termites going through incomplete metamorphosis on the path to becoming alates form a subcaste in certain species of termite, functioning as potential supplementary reproductives. These supplementary reproductives only grow into primary reproductives upon the death of a king or queen, or when the primary reproductives are separated out of the colony.6676 Supplementaries have the capacity to replace a deceased primary reproductivesystem, and there can also be greater than a single supplementary within a colony.53 Some queens have the capacity pop over to this web-site to change from sexual reproduction to asexual reproduction.